An Integrated Smoking Cessation Intervention in the Primary Care Service System: An Intervention Mapping

Background: Smoking cessation is beneficial for smokers of all ages. Moreover, smokers who quit tobacco use benefit from COVID-19 risk avoidance. Objective(s): This project aims to develop a smoking cessation intervention protocol in the primary care service system. Method(s): Intervention Mapping guidelines for health promotion planning program was used as an instruction includes 1) need assessment, 2) aim determination, 3) selecting theory-based approaches selection and practical strategies and intervention design, 4) intervention development, 5) planning the implementation of the program and 6) planning the evaluation. Result(s): According to the needs, smoking cessation behavior was indicated as an outcome of the intervention. The socio-ecological model (Fig. 1) and the transtheoretical model were performed as the theoretical underpinning of the intervention. Moreover, the proactive multisession telephone counseling integrated with the smoking cessation service in the primary care service was used as an intervention for smokers. The average quit attempts after the quit date were 2.13 times (SD = 1.33), with an abstinence rate of 88.24 percent, according to early findings among the experimental group 30 days after the quit date. Conclusion(s): An intervention mapping can be used as a guideline to develop smoking cessation in the primary care setting. This study provides the smoking cessation protocol delivered for Thai smokers, particularly in the primary care service system, to promote sustainable well-being among Thais. Copyright © 2022 Thanomsat et al.

Community-Engaged Intervention Mapping for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Black and Latinx Sexual Minority Men With HIV in New York City: Protocol for a Web-Based Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Approximately every 37 seconds, someone in the United States dies of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It has emerged as an important contributor to morbidity among persons with HIV. Black and Latinx sexual minority men are at higher risk of both HIV and CVD when compared to heterosexual, nonethnic or minority men. Persons with HIV have a 1.5 to 2-times risk of having CVD than do HIV-negative persons. Data suggest that by the year 2030, an estimated 78% of persons with HIV will have CVD. The relationship between HIV and CVD in marginalized populations is not well understood because overall awareness of HIV and CVD as comorbid conditions is low, which further heightens risk. This has created a critically pressing issue affecting underrepresented ethnic and racial populations with HIV and requires immediate efforts to mitigate risk. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this formative, mixed methods study is to use a community-engaged approach to map a behavioral intervention for CVD prevention in Black and Latinx sexual minority men with HIV in New York City. METHODS: Literature reviews focused on behavioral prevention studies using intervention mapping. In Aim 1, we will use qualitative interviews with HIV program managers and community members to understand facilitators and barriers to CVD prevention, chronic illnesses of concern, and early design elements needed for a web-based CVD prevention intervention. In Aim 2, we will conduct qualitative interviews and administer cross-sectional validated surveys with 30 Black and Latinx sexual minority men with HIV. We will assess illness perceptions of chronic conditions, such as HIV, hypertension, and diabetes. A total of 40 participants (program managers and community members) for Aims 1 and 2 will be enrolled to participate. To develop the protocol, we will follow steps 1 through 3 (needs assessment, change objectives, implementation strategy) of intervention mapping, using mixed methods. RESULTS: The study was approved by New York University Institutional Review Board in February 2021 (IRB-FY2021-4772) and also by the Yale University Institutional Review Board in June 2022 (#2000031577). We anticipate completing data collection on or before December 2022. Early analyses suggested concerns about illnesses outside of HIV and associated comorbid conditions, such as COVID-19 and monkeypox. Additionally, we noted a strong interest in using a web-based platform for CVD prevention education. CONCLUSIONS: Web-based, behavioral, CVD prevention interventions may be promising modalities to closing the cardiovascular health disparities gap in Black and Latinx sexual minority men with HIV by extending the reach of prevention interventions using community-informed approaches and technological modalities that have been underused in this population. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR1-10.2196/41602.

Promoting Physical Activity among Workers: A Review of Literature and Future Directions on Developing Theory-Based Interventions.

Insufficient physical activity (PA) has been identified as a leading risk factor for premature and all-cause death, as well as non-communicable diseases. Employees, especially those with low occupational PA, are more vulnerable to physical inactivity, and studies in this population are scarce. However, employees may receive benefits for both health and work productivity from PA. Therefore, well-designed behavior change studies to promote PA in employees are urgently needed, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Literature was searched before 30 July 2022, and updated evidence was summarized. This review elaborates on the evidence related to insufficient PA and further provides an overview of theory-based interventions for promoting PA. Evidence indicates that intervention mapping (IM) was a useful tool to develop, implement, and evaluate behavior change interventions. Based on the IM framework, reviewing the theory- and evidence-based change methods and delivery modes, and further identifying the research gaps and limitations of existing interventions could provide promising suggestions and directions for development of well-founded interventions promoting PA among employees. The updated knowledge base for developing future interventions may boost efficacy and provide firm conclusions for researchers in this area.

Design of a Remote Coaching Program to Bridge the Gap From Hospital Discharge to Cardiac Rehabilitation: Intervention Mapping Study.

BACKGROUND: Remote coaching might be suited for providing information and support to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in the vulnerable phase between hospital discharge and the start of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). OBJECTIVE: The goal of the research was to explore and summarize information and support needs of patients with CAD and develop an early remote coaching program providing tailored information and support. METHODS: We used the intervention mapping approach to develop a remote coaching program. Three steps were completed in this study: (1) identification of information and support needs in patients with CAD, using an exploratory literature study and semistructured interviews, (2) definition of program objectives, and (3) selection of theory-based methods and practical intervention strategies. RESULTS: Our exploratory literature study (n=38) and semistructured interviews (n=17) identified that after hospital discharge, patients with CAD report a need for tailored information and support about CAD itself and the specific treatment procedures, medication and side effects, physical activity, and psychological distress. Based on the preceding steps, we defined the following program objectives: (1) patients gain knowledge on how CAD and revascularization affect their bodies and health, (2) patients gain knowledge about medication and side effects and adhere to their treatment plan, (3) patients know which daily physical activities they can and can't do safely after hospital discharge and are physically active, and (4) patients know the psychosocial consequences of CAD and know how to discriminate between harmful and harmless body signals. Based on the preceding steps, a remote coaching program was developed with the theory of health behavior change as a theoretical framework with behavioral counseling and video modeling as practical strategies for the program. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that after (acute) cardiac hospitalization, patients are in need of information and support about CAD and revascularization, medication and side effects, physical activity, and psychological distress. In this study, we present the design of an early remote coaching program based on the needs of patients with CAD. The development of this program constitutes a step in the process of bridging the gap from hospital discharge to start of CR.

Just-in-Time, but Still Planned: Lessons Learned From Speeding up the Development and Implementation of an Intervention to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination in University Students.

The process of developing a behavior change intervention can cover a long time period. However, in times of need, this development process has to be more efficient and without losing the scientific rigor. In this article, we describe the just-in-time, planned development of an online intervention in the field of higher education, promoting COVID-19 vaccination among university students, just before they were eligible for being vaccinated. We demonstrate how intervention development can happen fast but with sufficient empirical and theoretical support. In the developmental process, Intervention Mapping (IM) helped with decision-making in every step. We learned that the whole process is primarily depending on the trust of those in charge in the quality of the program developers. Moreover, it is about applying theory, not about theory-testing. As there was no COVID-19-related evidence available, evidence from related fields helped as did theoretical knowledge about change processes, next to having easy access to the target population and important stakeholders for informed qualitative and quantitative research. This project was executed under unavoidable time pressure. IM helped us with systematically developing an intervention, just-in-time to positively affect vaccine acceptance among university students.

Using an Intervention Mapping Approach to Develop a Program for Preventing High Blood Pressure in a Marginalized Afro-Colombian Population: A Community-Based Participatory Research.

The prevention of high blood pressure (HBP) is an important public health initiative worldwide, since HBP is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and increases the damage caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We designed, implemented, and evaluated a program to identify effective and sustainable interventions for preventing HBP in a marginalized black population. Our study was conducted in Quibdó, a city in Colombia with the highest poverty rate and located in the Pacific coast, a subregion in Colombia with the highest prevalence of HBP. We followed an intervention mapping framework using a community-based participatory research approach. Focus groups, photovoice, literature reviews, and cross-sectional quantitative surveys were used for data collection. The community chose the time, place, and type of physical activity; led the physical activities; and strengthened their skills in seeking resources in their community to sustain the program. The evaluation was aimed at determining whether the interventions were able to achieve the program's primary aim. We used a before (September 2016) and after (December 2017) design for the evaluation. To decrease the selection bias and allow comparisons between homogeneous groups, we used a propensity score matching technique. The steps required to create a self-sustaining physical activity program were provided in detail. The pre-post test showed a decrease of the HBP (systolic, 13.4% points; p = 0.018; diastolic, 6.5% points; p = 0.002). The program may be an effective and self-sustaining intervention, and it can be replicated by policymakers and implemented in other population groups.

An Online-Based Transition Care Program for Adolescents with Spina Bifida Using Intervention Mapping: A Protocol for Program Development.

Adolescents with spina bifida (SB) face challenges in their transition to adulthood due to intensive medical regimens and delayed development of independence. Despite an increasing interest in the transition of adolescents with SB to adulthood, the clinical evidence of transition care remains limited, and existing studies have focused on the effects of intervention programs. This study aims to describe the process of systematically developing an online-based transition care program for adolescents with SB using the intervention mapping (IM) protocol. IM consists of six steps: (1) logic model of the problem; (2) program objectives; (3) program design; (4) program production; (5) plan to implement the program; (6) plan for evaluation. At first, five problems faced during the transition were identified, based on which four program objectives and six program strategies were established. The online transition care program for adolescents with SB was developed as a six-week program. The main strength of this program is that it reflects the diverse perspectives of adults with SB and health care professionals and is easy to apply because it is online. We aim to further validate the feasibility of this transitional care program to evaluate its effect based on our evaluation plan.

Using intervention mapping to develop 'ROSE': an intervention to support peer workers in overdose response settings.

BACKGROUND: Peer workers (those with lived/living experience of substance use working in overdose response settings) are at the forefront of overdose response initiatives in British Columbia (BC). Working in these settings can be stressful, with lasting social, mental and emotional impacts. Peer workers have also been disproportionately burdened by the current dual public health crises characterized by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and rise in illicit drug overdose deaths. It is therefore critical to develop supports tailored specifically to their realities. METHODS: We used the six steps outlined in the Intervention Mapping (IM) framework to identify needs of peer workers and design an intervention model to support peer workers in overdose response settings. RESULTS: Eight peer-led focus groups were conducted in community settings to identify peer workers' needs and transcripts were analyzed using interpretive description. The strategies within the intervention model were informed by organizational development theory as well as by lived/living experience of peer workers. The support needs identified by peer workers were categorized into three key themes and these formed the basis of an intervention model titled 'ROSE'; R stands for Recognition of peer work, O for Organizational support, S for Skill development and E for Everyone. The ROSE model aims to facilitate cultural changes within organizations, leading towards more equitable and just workplaces for peer workers. This, in turn, has the potential for positive socio-ecological impact. CONCLUSIONS: Centering lived/living experience in the intervention mapping process led us to develop a framework for supporting peer workers in BC. The ROSE model can be used as a baseline for other organizations employing peer workers.

The Development of a Health Promotion Program for Unmarried Mothers Living in Residential Facilities Using Urban Forests: An Intervention Mapping Approach Based on the Transtheoretical Model.

Unmarried mothers living in residential facilities (UMLFs) in Korea face complex and challenging physical, psychological, and socioeconomic issues. This study developed a physical and mental health promotion program using urban forests for UMLFs based on the transtheoretical model and evidence. We utilized an intervention mapping approach (IMA) and assessed the needs of UMLFs by analyzing previous quantitative studies. Moreover, we conducted a qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study involving nine participants. Based on the needs assessment, important and changeable determinants were identified; further, the program performance and change objectives were classified to achieve the program goals and establish the intervention strategy. We found that physical activity using forests, self-reflection using metaphors, five-sense activities, achievement activities using natural objects, building interpersonal relationships in the forest, and designing future plans, are desirable methods for improving the health of UMLFs. The IMA was deemed appropriate for the systematic development of health promotion programs for UMLFs through clear links among change objectives, theoretical methods, and practice strategies. These results should be applied to future intervention studies.

Teaching adults how to prevent COVID-19 infection by health workers: The application of intervention mapping approach.

INTRODUCTION: Education is one of the most important approaches to preventing infectious diseases at the time of the pandemic. The purpose of the study was to develop an intervention-training program using an intervention mapping approach (IMA) to prevent COVID-19 infection in adults at the time of the pandemic by health workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a study protocol where IMA was used as a planning framework for developing an intervention-training program to prevent COVID-19 infection in adults at the time of the pandemic by health workers in Ardabil city. Six intervention mapping (IM) steps have been described in this protocol. As the first step, needs assessment was performed by reviewing the studies, qualitative evaluation, and interviews. In the second step, the matrix of change objectives was designed from the intersection of performance goals and determinants. Later on, after designing the program and planning the program implementation, the program evaluation plan was developed. RESULTS: IMA guided us in designing and implementing a control-oriented training program with the participation of the participants along with the definition of outcomes, performance goals and determinants, theoretical methods and practical applications, intervention program, implementation, and step by step assessment. CONCLUSION: IM is a control-oriented, systematic, participation-based approach to design and implement targeted and on-going health promotion programs based on the needs of the target group at the time of the pandemic by health workers.